http://www.erbenson.com/blog daily 0.75 2016-03-28 http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2016/3/28/replenishing-californias-aquifers monthly 0.5 2016-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1459284015517-P9PH5KBDYFAHEA6DVA0T/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Replenishing California's aquifers When it rains, water collects in this infiltration basin at Harkins Slough, then percolates through the soil to recharge the groundwater below. (Image by USDA/Lance Cheung) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2016/2/28/badwater-basin monthly 0.5 2016-02-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1456685087573-H8Z390BDFWK39Y3JJKDH/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Badwater Basin A pool at the edge of the Badwater Basin salt flats. (Image by Emily Benson) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1456684906127-C5RZO0B3HSC619JLFAX3/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Badwater Basin Badwater Basin, Death Valley National Park. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2016/1/30/leatherbacks monthly 0.5 2016-01-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1454185606461-ZELY7BSD73NQ5MEM3V9O/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Leatherbacks A leatherback hatchling makes its way to the ocean. (Image by Ken Clifton via Flickr; creative commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/12/27/sea-tomatoes monthly 0.5 2015-12-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1451239812400-CWAC44PMV68KFGNR6G9T/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Sea tomatoes Lakes and ponds are scattered across the Arctic landscape near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, where Trout-Haney and her colleagues spotted sea tomatoes growing on lake bottoms. (Image by Miss Copenhagen via Flickr; creative commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/11/1/ecological-effects-of-mosquitofish monthly 0.5 2015-11-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1446422105709-ACSHPUH3AIH9445XSB1T/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Ecological effects of mosquitofish The view of Monterey Bay from Long Marine Lab. (Image by Sara Stasi via Flickr: Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/10/18/water-on-mars monthly 0.5 2015-10-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1445186576365-N745ND6YPJQ90EP6P3QI/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Water on Mars Water also exists in the form of white clouds above the surface of Mars. (Image by NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/9/20/the-future-of-the-watershed monthly 0.5 2015-09-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1442803730976-3CFMLXBK54CAULW64Y1Y/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - The future of The Watershed A view of California's central coast. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/9/13/scoops-of-seawater monthly 0.5 2015-09-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1442202097604-W553LP93BVFVQ3O9S5NH/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Scoops of seawater Australia's Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area stretches over 1,000 miles along the coast of Queensland. (Image by Tchami via Flickr: Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/9/6/seal-voices monthly 0.5 2015-09-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1441565764362-6QZK2ZCE3B0JQM5P3F89/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Seal voices Antarctic fur seal pups at Salisbury Plain, on South Georgia Island, in the southern Atlantic Ocean. (Image by Liam Quinn via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/8/30/ducks-and-seeds monthly 0.5 2015-09-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1440991816618-QGDI2LK3LMTPADGGYX0C/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Ducks and seeds Seeds from the aquatic plant Iris pseudacorus were among the largest seeds fed to ducks (and later regurgitated by them) during feeding trials. (Original image by Paul van de Velde via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/8/23/toxicity-testing monthly 0.5 2015-09-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1440343572953-LBYDKBLTBAM87H9I3MQT/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Toxicity testing Currently, many toxicology studies rely on live fish as test subjects. Such studies often assess fish at different life stages, from embryos (such as the zebrafish embryo pictured here) to adults. (Image by ZEISS Microscopy via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/8/11/gone-fishin-1 monthly 0.5 2015-08-11 http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/8/2/polluted-protected-areas monthly 0.5 2015-08-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1438529912873-SQ2S7MOO57E3OIMRVDOE/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Polluted protected areas Marine protected areas provide shelter from human activities for marine organisms like the sea lion pictured here. (Image by NOAA's National Ocean Service via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/7/26/stuck-sediment monthly 0.5 2015-09-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1437935010571-35T1Z1V2T79N31L0YQXQ/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Stuck sediment This photo was taken in 2012, during the dam removal project on the Elwha River. Sediment released by the demolition was deposited in and around the estuaries at the river mouth; some sediment also flowed into the Strait of Juan de Fuca as a coastal plume. (Image by John Felis via USGS/Public domain) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/7/19/crab-claws monthly 0.5 2015-07-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1437353594904-L6JMSZV3Z51J8OJ7O5MC/sand_fiddler_crab.jpg Blog - The Watershed - Crab claws A male sand fiddler crab will try to attract females to its breeding burrow by waving its large claw in circles above its body. (Image by Rachid H via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/7/12/dynamic-adaptation monthly 0.5 2015-09-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1436755909936-4VEXEZPWUNMONS3O3VHU/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Dynamic adaptation A group of elegant terns on a fishing boat in Chile. (Original image by tk-link via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/7/5/sturgeon-spawning monthly 0.5 2015-07-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1436112141514-HO15I4HOX1DU43L3P5GE/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Sturgeon spawning As a species, Atlantic sturgeon were swimming under the waves when dinosaurs walked the Earth, more than 120 million years ago. (Image by Mauro Orlando via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/6/28/peeps-and-chirps monthly 0.5 2015-06-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1435501425547-4287GXXMB56O0ZZQXY05/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Peeps and chirps An adult wood frog showing off inflated vocal sacs. (Image by Dave Huth via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/6/21/salmon-eggs monthly 0.5 2015-06-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1434898257839-38DQGIK8FCKZ3H1VW3Y9/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Salmon eggs The Elwha Dam in October 2011, about a month after the removal project began. (Image by Sam Beebe via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/6/14/turtle-footage monthly 0.5 2015-06-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1434293358628-23Q2CLT9GM3AKNX47C64/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Turtle footage Loggerhead sea turtles are typically about three feet long and weigh about 250 pounds. (Image by Richard Ling via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/6/7/vanishing-glaciers monthly 0.5 2015-06-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1433692899139-DMBJ7BO413VW16Z6R15T/Zglac1.jpg Blog - The Watershed - Vanishing glaciers An adult western glacier stonefly. (Image by Joe Giersch/USGS) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1433692793023-7VSFYLGKLCCTUFZQ7L8G/Bowman_Lake.JPG Blog - The Watershed - Vanishing glaciers The sky and surrounding ridges reflected in Bowman Lake, along with several other photographers, in mid-summer 2006. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/5/31/introducing-mosquitofish monthly 0.5 2015-05-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1433087416570-O4UPS04PJCVHZ57ACJ3C/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Introducing mosquitofish Western mosquitofish are often intentionally introduced to ponds and lakes in an effort to reduce mosquito populations; such introductions can have unanticipated negative consequences. (Image by NOZO via Wikimedia Commons/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/5/24/hypoxia-and-habitat-loss monthly 0.5 2015-05-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1432481197687-980F9IIMTDBAH7MV2BEI/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Hypoxia and habitat loss An algal bloom in Lake Erie, in early October 2011. Decomposing algae during and after a large bloom can result in hypoxic zones. (Image by NASA via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/5/17/food-web-reverberations monthly 0.5 2015-05-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1431889902913-0NSO200L2T3D6FD9KBN4/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Food web reverberations Fish are a staple food for great blue herons. (Image by Pen Waggener via Flickr/Creative Commons license) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/5/10/saltmarsh-sparrows monthly 0.5 2015-05-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1431302042569-W36X1B7RH7B7U70UODKE/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Saltmarsh sparrows Saltmarsh sparrows are four to five inches long, and weigh less than an ounce. (Image by nebirdsplus via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/5/3/successful-germination monthly 0.5 2015-05-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1430705939679-BJCG94TH2Z4M91B55PAS/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Successful germination Seeds from Ludwigia grandiflora, or water primrose, were better able to survive waterfowl digestion than the seeds of other aquatic plants. (Image by bathyporeia via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/4/26/unplanned-study monthly 0.5 2015-04-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1430064223380-A2OWNHBY49RS09QBP3GV/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Unplanned study A baldcypress tree in October. (Image by cm195902 via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/4/19/centuries-of-cyanobacteria monthly 0.5 2015-04-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1429455977380-L96YCVJ21JD2SKGAY668/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Centuries of cyanobacteria Some species of anabaena, a type of filamentous cyanobacteria, can be highly toxic. (Image by Proyecto Agua via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/4/12/timing monthly 0.5 2015-04-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1428851256746-SCJZRLM9VX3BXGZH0NWD/image-asset.png Blog - The Watershed - Timing   The ice on the Tanana River in Nenana, Alaska, breaks up between mid-April and mid-May each spring. Since 1917, when the Nenana Ice Classic began, the average trend has been toward earlier ice-out dates. Sources: Data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center and the Nenana Ice Classic (Figure by Emily Benson) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1428851410515-U2U6KMVGVCXPV0PNC0VL/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Timing Dolly Varden appear to base their migration timing on when salmon are migrating rather than on environmental cues. (Image by cinaflox via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/4/5/plants-hitching-a-ride monthly 0.5 2015-04-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1428246773016-UEG2T3RDHI0YF1QIF9AN/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Plants hitching a ride Native aquatic plants are an important part of lake ecosystems, but invasive species, like Eurasian water-milfoil in North American lakes, can grow so much that they take over, killing other plants and preventing boating and swimming. (Image by dhobern via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/3/29/manatee-stressors monthly 0.5 2015-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1427646224955-M1ZT6LNIONXYV387TEPL/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Manatee stressors Florida manatees at Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge, located on central Florida's gulf coast. (Image by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service/David Hinkel via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/3/22/native-or-not monthly 0.5 2015-03-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1427049229707-ESN6DU9D55ENF463EDHU/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Native or not? The researchers drilled through snow and ice to extract a sediment core from Lower St. Regis Lake in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. (Image by Dr. Curt Stager) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1427049102023-7A51OQ6BV9Z8S6A7U9BH/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Native or not? Study co-author Dr. Lee Ann Sporn extracting samples from a sediment core in the lab. (Image by Dr. Curt Stager) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/3/15/turtle-bycatch monthly 0.5 2015-03-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1426441206362-AC14IEZMSNJFYDVEVO2H/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Turtle bycatch Researchers studied four turtle species in Lake Opinicon, in southeastern Ontario, Canada, including the painted turtle. (Image by Micheal Jewel via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/3/8/flashing-and-flickering-squid monthly 0.5 2015-03-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1425837649013-CO0RBPKFQLJD0O43K846/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Flashing and flickering squid Researchers attached a video camera to a cloth sleeve slipped onto the mantle of each squid. The cameras were programmed to detach and float to the surface at a specified time. (Image by Joel Hollander) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/3/1/ocean-acidification monthly 0.5 2015-03-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1425246353289-XCW2UWV7ARNJ8CZAXRGA/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Ocean acidification Norway lobsters are typically about seven to eight inches long, including claws and tail. (Image by Hans Hillewaert via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/2/22/bioaccumulation monthly 0.5 2015-02-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1424623116826-W21LFWE04S5OSJOZT3WJ/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Bioaccumulation Rachel Carson and colleague Bob Hines collecting marine samples in Florida in 1952. (Image by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service via USFWS National Digital Library) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/2/15/branches-twigs-sticks-and-logs monthly 0.5 2015-02-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1424041184905-HJ7482YRV13Q4LZHRWAT/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Branches, twigs, sticks and logs Pieces of large woody debris were added to a stream in Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge on the Oregon coast in an effort to improve fish habitat. (Image by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/2/8/intricate-combination monthly 0.5 2015-02-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1423414763300-S369CPWBA29GS6V8RJBE/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Intricate combination Bison in Yellowstone National Park. (Image by Emily Benson) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1423414621387-NXII6KRQM9GYZCVVP6J8/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Intricate combination Meandering stream and wide floodplain in Yellowstone National Park with almost no riparian trees. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/2/1/sandy-spawning monthly 0.5 2015-02-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1422808126258-N23ZKZDIV2Z7ODDFNRRI/Female+and+male+Calif+grunion_1.jpg Blog - The Watershed - Sandy spawning Female California grunion bury themselves in wet sand as they release their eggs; males curl their bodies around the females to fertilize the eggs with their milt. (Image by arne heijenga via Flickr) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1422808411849-41K5LF14LP1OAUG5O9Z5/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Sandy spawning California grunion spawn on sandy beaches during the three or four nights surrounding full and new moons, when high tides are highest. (Image by arne heijenga via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/1/25/zebrafish-cannibals monthly 0.5 2015-01-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1422204425800-T1N6274OIQUUED65FGPB/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Zebrafish cannibals Zebrafish, like many other animals, sometimes exhibit cannibalism. (Image by Soulkeeper via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/1/18/sound-pressure monthly 0.5 2015-01-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1421587867414-NGS5U93IT2OKO3IROO56/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Sound pressure Common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) can grow to be up to two feet long. (Image by David Sim via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/1/11/edible-flowers monthly 0.5 2015-01-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1421010812642-VCN0N7QWECHBGU3LTMQR/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Edible flowers In the plots free of waterfowl, Ruppia cirrhosa produced about 10 times more flowers than Potamogeton pectinous (the plant shown here). (Image by Ruppia2000 via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2015/1/4/seeds-pits-and-eggs monthly 0.5 2015-01-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1420404005775-NF869H7O9J2JMZCLE0SE/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Seeds, pits, and eggs Adult Megacrania tsudai on screw pine leaves in Taiwan; screw pine leaves are a primary food source for the insect. (Image by Bettaman via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/12/28/awareness-of-consumption monthly 0.5 2014-12-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1419793135944-PG2HUKI10YGMLW2Q12IL/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Awareness of consumption The leading edge of the Colorado River in 2009, five miles short of the ocean. (Image by Pete McBride via U.S. Geological Survey) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/12/21/lake-boundaries monthly 0.5 2014-12-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1419196214821-YQVQTSR2Y8XH65V38TCF/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Lake boundaries Many insects that spend their immature life stages underwater emerge to live in the terrestrial environment as adults. (Original image by Bj.schoenmakers via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/12/14/microplastic-mud monthly 0.5 2014-12-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1418597871090-CW3BLOK9RT1YZPQFQID8/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Microplastic mud Microplastic pollution is an environmental issue in both marine and freshwater environments. (Image by Wright via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/12/7/winter-fertilizer monthly 0.5 2014-12-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1417973538127-TGYCO71NZ927M7HAKFM2/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Winter fertilizer Caddisfly larva in its case, balanced between two piles of sand grains. The red arrow is pointing to the head of the insect. (Image by Robert Mooney) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1417974093537-3BM2FNSQIDPKIO6LLZHM/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Winter fertilizer Periphyton growing on caddisfly cases may be an important food source for other macro invertebrates, too - here a different type of insect appears to graze on the algae on a caddisfly case. (Image by Robert Mooney) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/11/30/artificial-light monthly 0.5 2015-08-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1417397444738-VPJ095KVGPPK2QWKPMVW/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Artificial light Experimental streams with high-pressure sodium streetlights installed above them had fewer drifting insects than streams without streetlights, but didn't seem to differ in other ways. (Image of experimental streetlight set-up by Nora Schlenker) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/11/23/evaluating-efficiency monthly 0.5 2014-11-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1416785363146-Q6GGTKXOLRCPWGFI96O6/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Evaluating efficiency Even small towns often have wastewater treatment plants; this one serves a rural community of less than 1,000 people. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/11/16/shetlands-wind monthly 0.5 2014-11-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1416179894376-03SB03R05BTQD3M16WM8/sand.jpg Blog - The Watershed - Shetland's wind A sandy shoreline on the coast of Shetland. (Image by Emily Benson) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1416180058382-3L6YMCV7ZBPJH6TXFPTO/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Shetland's wind Rocky coastline in northern Shetland. (Image by Emily Benson) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1416180149127-UOA5MW3RLCN28N1GTUKH/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Shetland's wind A storm blowing in on a windy day. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/11/9/lab-work-field-work monthly 0.5 2015-01-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1415592069704-ME4UBAGYQODEUOGB6UI8/mallard_female.jpg Blog - The Watershed - Lab work, field work Mallard ducks can live in almost any kind of slow-moving aquatic habitat, including ponds, marshes, floodplains, and many other places. (Image by Carsten Niehaus via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/11/2/microbial-mats monthly 0.5 2015-01-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1414946936262-8BVEAJKTIHD4XLAPQ4KA/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Microbial mats A swimmer's view of the changing rooms at the hot springs. (Image by Emily Benson) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1414946822737-K22Q8JDFB3ZHHTXPZKC8/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Microbial mats An underwater view of microbes blanketing a wooden beam supporting the side of the larger, cooler thermal pool. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/10/26/beavers-planes-and-parachutes monthly 0.5 2014-10-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1414367791852-WM56GFZG3B69DAG0JU4H/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Beavers, planes and parachutes Beavers fell trees, sometimes of considerable size, and combine them with mud and branches to build their dams. (Image by D. Gordon E. Robertson via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/10/19/y4wrg7qqbpjsfy2dbfq7s17ky2rqgy monthly 0.5 2014-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1413761971045-YFNCR4FUONQSS1GT2THL/Oneida+Lake+bay+mollusc+densities.png Blog - The Watershed - Razor edges Bivalve density - the number of individuals found in one square meter - increased dramatically between 1915 and 2012; most of that increase was due to two exotic species, the zebra mussel, which invaded Lake Oneida in 1991, and the quagga mussel, which first appeared around 2005. Most of the change in exotic gastropod density was driven by one species, Bithynia tentaculata, a small snail. Source: Data from Karatayev et al., 2014. (Figure by Emily Benson) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1413762849638-5XUWIFZ9T5QGOO8BA1T0/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Razor edges Zebra mussels grow on any hard surface they can find, even other mussels. (Image by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/10/12/salmon-steaks monthly 0.5 2014-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1413145296271-6UAD40KNAIZC562DK9OZ/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Salmon steaks Salmon are born in freshwater streams, grow large in the ocean, then return to their natal streams to spawn and expire. (Image by Todd Gordon Brown via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/10/5/mysteries-of-mayfly-molting monthly 0.5 2014-12-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1412529260182-DCI1DG8R8V5KYZWMFAYZ/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Mysteries of mayfly molting Cloeon dipterum, the mayfly Camp and her colleagues studied, is a member of the baetidae family, a group commonly known as the small minnow mayflies. (Image by Allison Camp) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1412529022032-IWCHAAEBKEG6D0JA7TU2/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Mysteries of mayfly molting The shed exoskeleton of a mayfly larva. The branched, feathery structure at the base of the head is part of the lining of the respiratory system. (Image by Allison Camp) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/9/28/whale-hormones monthly 0.5 2014-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1411950831387-0HIIMUCC7AQR24ELK0Z0/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Whale hormones Most research labs don't have a tank large enough for a bowhead whale - adults typically weigh between 150,000 and 200,000 pounds and are 35 to 40 feet long - much less a research budget large enough to feed one, making it difficult to study bowhead whales in a controlled environment. (Image by NOAA Photo Library via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/9/21/humming-hoards monthly 0.5 2014-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1411330215589-QJWSTJ87N0FOEYJ1HFMH/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Humming hoards Mosquito larvae feed and develop underwater - coming to the surface to breathe - before molting into pupae and eventually emerging as adults. (Original image by Mary Hollinger/NOAA Photo Library via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/9/14/mudbugs monthly 0.5 2014-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1410729597442-XCS18RDEFIZADURSWJKC/image-asset.png Blog - The Watershed - Mudbugs Red swamp crayfish were first officially detected in Washington State in 2000, in Pine Lake, a tiny lake (just eight tenths of a mile by four tenths of a mile at its widest point) 20 miles east of Seattle. Five years after they were first recorded in Pine Lake, the invasive red swamp crayfish population was much larger than the native crayfish population. (Native crayfish population was not reported in 2008.) Note: 2008 values were calculated from 24-hour sampling periods, with the assumption that capture rate was equal throughout the 24-hour period - because crayfish are more active at night, the calculated values may be underestimates. Sources: First detection in Pine Lake from Mueller 2001; 2005 values from Mueller 2007; 2008 values calculated from Larson & Olden 2008. (Figure by Emily Benson) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1410728719594-O7LB9QBLQ5A8X1LADEI2/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Mudbugs Red swamp crayfish are freshwater crustaceans, but they can survive out of water for up to sixteen and a half hours, depending on the temperature and humidity; Anastácio and colleagues estimate that a crayfish could walk over 700 yards in that time. (Image by Entomolo via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/9/7/pea-soup monthly 0.5 2014-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1410138263401-Z2SJN45NCD9OP79H7DDQ/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Pea soup A late summer algal bloom in an old farm pond in northern Idaho. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/8/31/swimming-lynx monthly 0.5 2014-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1409526130828-FC0D1TKPPCZK0G34RCY6/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Swimming lynx The Tanana River is a wide, glacially fed river with many channels and sloughs. (Original image by Liz via Flickr) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/8/13/seal-meals monthly 0.5 2014-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1407975516618-M0CA3ZBBWQBZ5FO20GTQ/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Seal meals Harbor seal swimming in shallow water on the California coast. (Original image by Tewy via Wikimedia Commons) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/8/6/under-the-waves monthly 0.5 2014-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1407353137223-7HLCRTQCWC2JNFUZN389/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Under the waves A swimmer's view of the lovely scenery. No submarines in sight. (Image by Emily Benson) http://www.erbenson.com/blog/2014/8/1/neurotoxin-producing-diatoms monthly 0.5 2014-10-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/53c87286e4b09aa5f73c8812/1406933650882-OOLL1IVAMDB71D7U24AT/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Watershed - Neurotoxin-producing diatoms Several species of diatoms magnified under a microscope. Rigid cell walls made of silica result in the intricate, crystalline structures characteristic of diatoms. 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